PSYC2020 in-class experiments [Gilad Feldman Research WIKI]

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====== PSYC2020 in-class experiments ======

Generally helpful materials:
  * Dan Ariely flashcards about irrationality biases [[http://advanced-hindsight.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/CAHFlashcards01.pdf|Collection1]] / [[http://advanced-hindsight.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/CAHFlashcards2.pdf|Collection2]]

===== Week #1: Replication Crisis  =====

Resources:
  - Course reading: Book chapter: Replication Crisis in Psychology

===== Week #2: Morality =====

  - Hindsight bias
    - Takeaways:
      - We think we knew the answer all along even when we didn't/don't.
  - Why do people cheat?
    - Video: [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZuIa8z3ZX6M|Comfortable cheating]]
    - How we study cheating
      - Video: [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nMBR261CAN8|The Matrix Experiment]]
      - Video: [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2KyavuKmdNE|The Corruption Experiment]]
    - Takeaways:
      - You can study unethical behavior in the lab
      - There are some fascinating findings in behavioral ethics social psychology studies.
  - Who cheats more?
    - Video: [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GSTizvMHfGY|Who Cheats More: Bankers or Politicians?]]
      - Takeaways: 
        - We all cheat
        - We all cheat about the same
  - Cheating behaviors (you versus average HKU student)
    - Video: [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V1jVvQbvZLQ|The Fudge Factor]]
    - Takeaways:
      - We lie and yet still think of ourselves as good honest people
      - Justifying own unethical behavior
  - Experiment: Employee versus manager manipulation
    - Unethical judgments depend on context/perspective and individual differences
    - You need to understand the social context
  - Morality in every day life
    - Takeaways:
      - Understanding morality is very important for everyday life, in everything we do
    - Fundamental attribution error bias
  - Morality of self-driving car
    - Takeaways:
      - Understanding morality is very important for everyday life, in everything we do
      - We make moral decisions all the time, even when not realizing it
      - A good example, is when faced with having to articulate decision for a machine, very uncomfortable and confusing
      - Website: [[http://moralmachine.mit.edu/|Moral machines project]]

Resources:
  * [[https://www.amazon.com/Honest-Truth-About-Dishonesty-Everyone-Especially/dp/0062183613|Book: The honest truth about dishonesty]]
  * [[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2630898/|Movie: Honesty, the truth about lies]]
  * Dan Ariely's TED talk: [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nUdsTizSxSI|Why we think it's OK to cheat and steal (sometimes)]]
  * [[https://www.youtube.com/user/danariely|Dan Ariely's youtube videos]]

===== Week #3: Judgment and Decision Making =====

  - Cognitive illusions
    - Akiyoshi Kitaoka
      - [[http://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/~akitaoka/index-e.html|Website]]
      - [[https://twitter.com/akiyoshikitaoka?lang=en|Twitter account]]
    - [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G-lN8vWm3m0|The McGurk Effect]]
  - Judgment and decision making cognitive biases
    - Free money experiment
      - Bias: Escalation of commitment
      - Cooperation versus self-interest
    - Heuristics: Availability Heuristic 
    - Heuristics: Representative Heuristic Bias
    - Bias: The decoy effect
    - Bias: Ease of Recall Bias
    - Bias: Retrievability Bias
    - Bias: Framing effects (Prospect Theory)
    - Bias: Anchoring effect
    - Bias: Action effect 
    - Theory: Norm Theory (Kahneman & Miller, 1986) 

Resources:
  - Course reading: Book chapter: Judgment and Decision Making
  - Book: [[https://www.amazon.com/Predictably-Irrational-Revised-Expanded-Decisions/dp/0061353248|Predictably irrational by Dan Ariely]]
  - Book: [[http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/27/books/review/thinking-fast-and-slow-by-daniel-kahneman-book-review.html|Thinking fast and slow by Daniel Kahneman]]
  - Book: [[https://www.amazon.com/Judgment-Managerial-Decision-Making-Bazerman/dp/1118065700|Judgment in managerial decision making by Max H. Bazerman]]

===== Week #4: Social cognition and attitudes =====

  - Stereotypes and consistency
    - Riddles experiment
      - [[http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1475725717752181|Riddle Me This]] (Skorinko, 2018, PLT)
      - [[http://journal.sjdm.org/17/171117/jdm171117.pdf|The case of stumpers]] (Bar-Hillel etal, 2018, JDM)
      - Takeaways:
        - We can study this in the lab using simple (fun) experiments.
        - We all have these biases.
    - Implicit association test
      - Website: [[https://implicit.harvard.edu/|Project implicit]]
      - Takeaways:
        - Difference between explicit and implicit jugdments.
        - There are tools to study either.
        - They don't always correlate, both not always strongly correlate to behavior.
    - Country face detection
      - Website: [[http://alllooksame.com/|Alllooksame]]
      - Website: [[http://faceresearch.org/|Face research]]
      - Takeaways:
        - Stereotypes don't always work and can lead to wrong judgments.
        - People generally randomly guess country of origin.
        - On average, the variations in appearance are very subtle, and all judged as attractive.
  - Lie detection
    - Takeaways:
      - There are some behaviors we associate with lying
      - We are generally very bad at detecting lies
      - If we are to make evaluations, we need to know the baseline (person) well and rely on objective quantifiable measures.
      - Bias: Truth bias, we are inclined to believing others and trusting.
  - Intuitions about life/physics/math
    - Takeaways:
      - Are often biased and wrong. Again, we need objective reliable trustworthy sources rather than our intuitions.

Resources:
  - Course reading: Book chapter: Social cognition and attitudes


===== Week #5: Persuasion and manipulation =====

  - Influence tactics
    - The 6 influence tactics by Robert Cialdini
    - Effects
      - Contrast Effect
      - Scarcity Principle - importance of loss aversion and competition
      - Consensus Principle - importance of similarity
      - Consistency Principle - importance of active and public commitment
      - Reciprocity Principle - importance of tailored, significant, and unexpected 
  - Manipulation techniques
    - Foot-in-the-door [FITD] (Freedman & Fraser, 1966)
    - Door-in-the-face  [DITF] (Cialdini)
    - Low-balling [LB] (Cialdini)
    - That’s not all [TNL](Burger, 1986, 1999)
    - Creating similarity [CS]
  - Nudging
    - Defaults (Opt in opt out in organ donations)
    - Focusing attention (urinals)
    - Perception and context (plate size)
    - Social information (tax compliance)
    - [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OaLGg1wYztk|Video from Richard Thaler]]

Resources:
  - Course reading: Book chapter: Persuasion
  - Book: [[http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/27/books/review/thinking-fast-and-slow-by-daniel-kahneman-book-review.html|Thinking fast and slow by Daniel Kahneman]]
  - Book: [[https://www.amazon.com/Nudge-Improving-Decisions-Health-Happiness/dp/014311526X|Nudge by Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein]]

===== Week #6: Cooperation =====

  - Economic games
    - The homo-economicos hypothesis - actors are fully rational
    - Game theory games to study economics and show deviation from the neo-classic economics hypothesis
      - Dictator game
        - Dictator (giving) game (the classic)
        - Social change 1: Dictator (taking) game
        - Social change 2: Dictator (giving) game (the classic), but public
        - Social change 2: Dictator (taking) game, but public 
      - Ultimatum game
        - Social change: Ultimatum game, but public
      - Trust game 
      - Prisoner's dilemma
        - Social change 1: Prisoner's dilemma, but with a judge
        - Social change 2: Multiple rounds (learning, adjusting)
    - Demos
      - [[http://www.mtv.com/news/2218741/psych-professor-trick-extra-credit-question/|Psychology professor who did this in class]]
        - Example of one analysis, there are many others: [[https://mindyourdecisions.com/blog/2015/07/14/an-awesomely-evil-test-question-and-its-mathematical-answer-game-theory-tuesdays/|An Awesomely Evil Test Question And Its Mathematical Answer – Game Theory Tuesdays]]
      - [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DWrjc5IEvc8|Live demonstration in class]]

Resources:
  - Course reading: Book chapter: Cooperation

===== Class #7: Helping / Prosocial behavior =====

  - Misalignment between what we expect from society/others and ourselves
  - Misalignment between causes of deaths (people affected) and funding to address.
  - Differences in helping between countries - not what you thought
  - Ruining a 1000US$ suit to help a drowning child versus donating 1000US$ to save a girl from South America
    - The importance of relatability, statistics versus faces/names/people
  - Risking your life to help others
  - The bystander effect (Darley & Latané, 1968)
    - Hurdles to helping those in crisis
  - Biases
    - Identifiability
    - Compassion fade & psychic numbing (Slovic, 2007; Västfjäll, Slovic, Mayorga, & Peters, 2014); 
    - Scope neglect (Desvousges, Johnson, Dunford, Boyle, Hudson, Wilson, 1992)
    - Proportion over number (Slovic et al., 2002)
    - Futility thinking (Fetherstonhaugh, Slovic, Johnson, & Friedrich, 1997)
  - Videos:
    - [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MpzpItB6rXw|Trump says he would have run unarmed into Florida school]]